新GRE作文issue模板常用句型個(gè)人總結(jié)

ISSUE

段1.1)Iagreewiththespeaker"sbroadassertionthatmoneyspentonresearchisgenerallymoneywellinvested.(Issue18)

2)Admittedly,themanyexperiencesthatareconvenientforourgrowth/benefitthedescendantsaretheresultof/usuallyresultfromtheextraordinary(非凡的)cumulative（漸增的）effortsofourengineers,entrepreneurs,andsociologists(scientists,politicians,historians,predecessors).(Issue12)3)And,suchadvantages/successes/conveniencesalwaysprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetoovercomeobstaclesinourdailylives.

4)However/Nevertheless,themanager"sargumentisindefensibleinseveralcriticalrespectsbecauseheignoresthesignificancepresentedbyhistory.

段2.1)Lendingcredencetothestatementisthatfacultyandstudentsinrelatedhistorywouldbringdiverseculturalandeducationalperspectivestotheproblemstheyseektosolve.(Issue7)

2)Asamatteroffact,researchfromsomefamousfiguresalwayscarriessignificantinformationtothefuture,andit’scritical/essentialthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentstoaddresssociety’smoreimmediateproblems.

3)Consider,forinstance,JackWelch’sprogramwhenacompanyisrunninginalowefficiencyandfacingafinancialcrisis(politicalcrisisornaturaldisaster).

4)Thisambitiousprojectispossibleonlybecauseparticipatingnationsarepooling（集合資源）theireconomicresourcesaswellasscientifictalents.(Issue47)

5)Welch’sstrategywaslateradoptedbyotherentrepreneursandmoreover,manysimilarprojectscouldbeusedtosolveenduringcompanyfinancialproblems.

6)Thusausefulstrategy(insightordiscovery)cancomefromaresearcher(scientist/predecessor)fromanynation/realms.(Issue7)

段3.1)Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthetendency(observation/phenomenon)thatlearningaboutthemistakesofpastsocietieshelpsusavoidrepeatingthem.

2)Afterall,humansseemnaturallydriven/tendtomakethingsbigger/easierandmorecomplex/simpler;thusrefraining/promotingfromdoingso,orreversing/enhancingthisnaturalprocess,takesconsiderable/greateffortandcourageofadifferentsort.(Issue12)

3)OneaptexampleofthispointinvolvesSanluGroup,afamousChinesedairyproductscompany,whichhasbeencommittedtoprovidingthemostpopularbrandsofinfantformulatoglobalconsumers.InSeptember201*,itwasinvolvedinanadulteratedmilkpowderscandal,affectingsome29400Chineseinfantsandkillingsix.Itreceivedabankruptcyorderandseveralofitstopmanagersweresentencedtolongprisonterms.

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4)Apparently/Obviously,allnationsshouldlearnalessonfromSanlu’sscandalandtakeoutaninsurancepolicytopreventthosesimilarcases.

5)Asitturnsout,acertainself-restraintandcourage(experienceandlessonsfromthepast)arebothunavoidableandnecessarytoconfrontandovercomemoderninconvenience/lure(theseinternalfearsandself-doubts),tosimplify/optimize/benefitone"sdailyschedule/knowledge/development,andtoestablish/buildasimpleplan/strategyfortheuseofone"scapability.(Issue12)

段4.1)Exceptfromtheaforementionedsituations,theestablishment/effect/consequenceofsuchapointposescertainproblemsofitsown(political,environmental,healthandeconomicproblems/risks/challenges),

which

must

be

addressed/minimize

in

order

that

the

government/society/humanbeingscanachieveitsobjectives/prospectiveprosperity.(Issue7)2)Ontheonehand/First,itwrongly/illogicallypresumes/categorizesanylawaseitherjustorunjust(related/isolated),andthenitrecommendsanineffectiveandpotentiallyharmfulmeansoflegalreform/learning.(Issue11)

3)Indeed,observations-forexample,aboutwhetherresearchofatomicweaponswasoutofrules,oraboutwhethertheuseoftechnologicalcloningwasillegaldependingonnotonlyjustlawsbutalsoone"smoralprinciples.(Issue69)

4)Afterall,ourexperienceashumansinformsusthatpracticality/humanityamountstofarmorethan(遠(yuǎn)不止是)meetingeconomicneeds,butalsoourownsurvivalasaspecies.

5)Inthesecondplace/Secondly,comprehensivehistoricalbackgroundswouldhelpovercomecontroversial/amyriadofadministrative/environmental/politicalproblems/impediments.(Issue7)6)Acurrentexampleinvolvesthatthegovernmentshouldstrikeabalancebetweentheenvironmentalpollutionandthecompany’sinterests.

7)Sometheorists/governorsnowclaimthatthetoxiceffluentsfromfactorycannotbeemittedintoanearbyriver,whilecomplyingwiththeregulationmightbecostlyforthecompany.

8)(Tothecontrary/Infact)Surely,anumberofentrepreneursandengineerstodayaremustering/sacrificingthatcourage/interests,andaremakingtheefforttocreatefarsimpler,yetmoreelegant,technologiesandapplications,whichwilltrulymakeourlivessimpler/saferinsharpcontrast/comparedtowhatcomputertechnologyhasdeliveredtous.(Issue12)

9)Indisputably,solvingtheseproblemsrequiresanopenmindtohistorybothrelatedandunrelated.

段5.1)Insum,Iagreethattherelatedhistoryisvaluablebecauseitisaneffectivewaytoacquiremeaningfulknowledgeandtoavoidrepeatingmistakes.

2)Nevertheless/Accordingly,thespeakeroverlooksmanygreatindividuals/criticalproblems,particularlyinsomemoralissuesandinbeneficialfairs,whicharealwayssolvedbyexperienceunrelatedtoourdailylives.(Issue21)

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3)Inthefinalanalysis,tosolvethoseproblemsmoreefficientlyandcomprehensivelyweareforcedtostrikeabalanceinhowtoallocateourenergybetweenthetworespects.

備用句式

1)observations，phenomenon現(xiàn)象/unjustifiable，insubstantial不合理的

2)Parentswhodoteontheironlychildwillbeanegativefactoroftheirchild’sprogress.Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdon"tunderstand.

3)Kennedyaskedustothinkwhatyoucandoforyourcountryinsteadofwhatyourcountrycandoforyou.

4)Einstein,likehistory"sothermostinfluentialscientists,simplyrefusedtoacceptconventionalinterpretationsofwhatweallobserve.(Issue69)

5)There"snothingtobelaterprovedordisproved,affirmedordiscredited,orevenimproveduponorrefinedbyfurtherknowledgeornewertechnology.(Issue18)

6)However/Bycontrast,inthesciencesitisdifficulttoidentifygreatnesswithoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspective.(Issue21)

7)Intherealmofbusiness,insomecasesgreatachievementisrecognizableimmediately,whileinothercasesitisnot.ConsiderontheonehandHenryFord"s….(Issue21)

8)Returningtotheabortionexamplementionedabove,apersonstronglyopposedtothefreedom-of-choicepositionmightmaintainthattheillegalblockingofaccesstoanabortionclinicamountstojustifiabledisobedience.(Issue11)

9)Teachingpeoplehowtofishratherthanofferingthemabasketoffish.

10)Whilethisnotionmightappealtocertainexistentialistsandepistemologists,itrunsagainstthegrainofallscientificdiscoveryandknowledgegainedoverthelast500years.(Issue69)

11)Iamhard-pressedtothinkofonepersonwhohaseverexclaimedtomehowmucheffortandcourageithastakentocomplicatehisorherlifeintheserespects.(Issue12)

12)Onlytimewilltellwhetherstringtheoryindeedprovidestheunifyinglawsthatallmatterintheuniverseobeys.(Issue21)

13)Thepictureabovedoesrevealcertaindisturbingphenomenoninacontemporarysocietywiththematerialprosperity.Inthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving,sthwillenrichmyworkingexperienceandbroadenmymind,thuspavingawayformyprospectivecareer.(Issue18)

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擴(kuò)展閱讀：新GRE作文_issue模板

11G_Issue模板

Alexbob201*/11/10

一.指令分析

指令1：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

首先，這個(gè)introduction所對(duì)應(yīng)的issue題目一定是個(gè)陳述型的statement。做題者可以同意或反對(duì)，或者參半。在論述過程中，一定要考慮到有什么方法，可以讓這個(gè)statement的對(duì)錯(cuò)性改變。

1.題目中的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)是否在特定的條件下成立？如果是，我如何認(rèn)可它們？2.其不成立的條件是什么？我如何抵御它們？3.正反兼顧的體現(xiàn)立場(chǎng)。

指令2：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.

這個(gè)要求和第一種基本雷同，同一道題目，基本上，兩種introduction都可能出現(xiàn)，主要區(qū)別在于，這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是recommendation，也就是建議，一般來說，也是針對(duì)一種行為，或者措施的陳述事實(shí)的句子。而在論述當(dāng)中，一定要分析到circumstances，也就是大環(huán)境，對(duì)這個(gè)行為或者措施的效果的影響。例如，明確分析，在什么情況下，這樣的建議可能不能達(dá)到起預(yù)期的效果。1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何？實(shí)施的好處何在？

2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議，是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果？3.有無替代或折中的辦法？

指令3：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsorexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.

這個(gè)主要是對(duì)一個(gè)聲稱或者主張的討論，重點(diǎn)在于，在論述中，要涉及，與考生自己觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立的理由及例子的分析，也就是類似反正自己的觀點(diǎn)。1.題目中的主張基于什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？其合理性何在？2.與此主張形成挑戰(zhàn)或?qū)α⒌睦碛苫蚶�證是什么？3.如何修正原題中不合理之處？

指令4：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresentedabove.

這中introduction比較特殊，所針對(duì)的題目本身，肯定存在兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。那么考生在論述時(shí)，要指出哪個(gè)和自己的觀點(diǎn)比較接近，而且在論述過程中，必須對(duì)題中的兩種觀點(diǎn)，都進(jìn)行分析。

1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何？實(shí)施的好處何在？

2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議，是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果？3.有無替代或折中的辦法？

指令5：

WritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimANDthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.

這個(gè)是最普通的，基本上和老GRE沒有區(qū)別，可以隨意發(fā)揮。1.這個(gè)題目中的原因是否成立？

2.假設(shè)這個(gè)原因成立，從它是否能推出原題中的結(jié)果或主張？

指令6：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyaboveandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.

這個(gè)特指，針對(duì)某個(gè)政策。而且考生在論述過程中，必須涉及如果實(shí)施這個(gè)政策后，可能帶來的諸多效果，對(duì)效果進(jìn)行分析，從而推出政策本身的好壞。1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何？實(shí)施的好處何在？

2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議，是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果？3.有無替代或折中的辦法？

二.文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)

大負(fù)小正：誠(chéng)然A，但是B，而且C。

大正小負(fù)：誠(chéng)然A，有時(shí)甚至B，但是C。

承認(rèn)+遞進(jìn)+轉(zhuǎn)折承認(rèn)+轉(zhuǎn)折+遞進(jìn)三.常用句式

開頭：

a)Inthisstatement,thespeakerassertsthat…（作者的結(jié)論是什么）b)Iagreewiththespeakerinsofaras...（某種程度上同意作者的觀點(diǎn)）

c)Whereas,inmyperspective,…isunilateral（作者的觀點(diǎn)片面在什么地方）

第二段：

a)Admittedly,第三段：

a)However,第四段：

a)Furthermore,結(jié)尾：

a)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,itisnotdifficulttodrawthe

conclusionthat…（重述觀點(diǎn)）

四.常用詞匯

1.保證：assurance/guarantee

五.作文重點(diǎn)題目

社會(huì)與自然：

Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.

社會(huì)應(yīng)該努力拯救瀕危物種，只要這些物種的滅絕是人類活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.Afterall,humanbeingsaretherulerofnature.But,inmyperspective,merelyfocusingonsavingthoseendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivitiesisunilateral.

1.Thevarietyofplantandanimalisimportanttopracticalutilization.

1)Discoveringtheorderofevolution;

2)Valuablegenepoolandrawmaterialdrug:traditionalChinesemedicine.

3)Technologicalimitationfromthespecious:sonarasaresultofimitatingdolphin.2.Humanshoulddosoevenfromamoralposition.

1)Plantandanimalisthemostimportantcomponentsofnature.Whenall...dieout,theday

willcomesoon.

2)Humanbeingsastherulerofnatureshouldtaketheresponsibilitytohelpotherspecies.

Letalonethoseendangeredspeciesbecauseofhumanactivities.

3)Menhavetheresponsibilitytorescue:pollution,environmentsdestroy,catchingandkillingexcessivelycausingtheplantandanimaltodieoutmuchfaster.Forexample:tigerandwhale;

3.However,somekindsof

1)"Survivaloffittest":someanimalsdohavetheirlethalshortagesandwoulddeclineeven

withouthumans,savingthosespecieswhicharebiologicaleliminationisagainstthenatureandofnohelp.

2)Whenwesaveakindofanimal,wemaydoharmtoanotherkind.Thustheproperwayis

thathumanshouldtrytheirbesttokeepthebalanceofnatureasitisratherthanchangethenatureashumans"purpose.HumanandNatureshouldperformtheirownfunctionsrespectively.

3)Insteadofsaving,therestrictionsonhumanourselvesaremoreimportant:pollution,

environmentaldestroy,catchingandkillingexcessively.

4)Theextinctionofspeciesisthewarningofthedeteriorationoftheenvironmentwhich

wouldearlyorlatethreatenhumanbeings.

Conclusion:

Nomatterfromthepositionofpracticalutilizationormorality,humanbothshould...However,itshouldbenoticedthat...Therefore,weshouldfindouttherealreasonofdyingout.Furthermore,weshouldpaymorea...to

教育目的：

Educationalinstitutionsshouldactivelyencouragetheirstudentstochoosefieldsofstudythatwillpreparethemforlucrativecareers.

教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生選擇那些為將來高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationsinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.Inaddition,naturaltalentsandinterestnotalwaysconflictwithpragmaticconsiderations.

1.Admittedly,manypeoplechooseacareeronthebasisofpragmaticconsiderationssuchasthe

needsoftheeconomy,therelativeeaseoffindingajob,andthesalarytheycanexpecttomake,whichisreasonableintoday’ssociety:1)Toearnaliving

2)Togetfortune,fame,andpromotion.

3)Tofurtherdeveloptheinterest:Onlywhenone’slivingisundersecuritycouldonehave

thefreedomtochoosewhathelikesorinterestin.

2.However,theauthorhasmadeanover-generalizationinregardstofactorsdeterminingcareer

seekingwhenheorsheclaimsthatpeoplechoosetheirjobsonlybasedonsuchpragmaticconcernsasexpectedsalaryratherthantheirtalentsorinterests.Ifthiswasgenerallytrue,whysomanypeopleworkintheunprofitableoccupations.Wecanseethattherearecertainlysomeoneisfreetochooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsorinterestregardlessofpragmaticconsiderations.

1)Manyscholarsarelivingapoorlife

2)Manyscientistsdedicatethemselvestotheimprovementforthebetterconditionsof

humanbeing,caringlittleaboutthefeedback3)Manyartists,suchasmusiciansandpainters.

3.Furthermore,thesetwoaspectsareactuallynotcontradictory:onemightbeabletochoosea

careerbasedonindividualinterestornaturaltalents,aswellasthedecentpay.

1)TakeNBAplayersasaninstance.Gettingpragmaticrewardssuchasmoney,isnotan

end,butratherameansofobtainingmentalcontentandofattainingimportantgoals.

Conclusion:Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone"spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone"svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmorethantheother.

教育方法：

Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent"sfieldofstudy.

大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。Universityisanimportantplaceinayouth"slife.Toasignificantextendthiskindofeducationstudentsreceiveinuniversitydetermineswhatkindofpersontheywillbe.Takingthecoursesoutsidethestudent’sfieldsofstudymayexpandhimawidespectrumofvision.ThereforeIfundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.

1.Inthefirstplace,requiringstudentstotakecoursesonlyintheirmajorfieldofstudycan

causesomeseriousproblems.Actually,noteverystudentknowswithcertaintywhichprofessionalfieldtheyaretrulyinterestedinandcandowellinatthebeginningoftheircollegelife.Ifuniversitiesallowedtheirstudentstochooserelatedcoursesfreely,itwouldbeagoodopportunityforthemtofindtheirinterests.Exploringsubjectsoutsidetheirownmajormayhelpstudentstofindnewacademicfieldsinwhichtheirrealinterestandpotentialslie.Fortunately,inrecentyears,manyuniversitieshavebeguntochangetheireducationpolicies,andsetupseriesofminorcoursesforstudentstostudy.Nowtherearemoreandmorestudentstakingminorcoursesinwhattheyaretrulyinterestedinandthisgivesthemanotheropportunitytodeveloptheirinterestswheretheycanmakefulluseoftheirsparetimetoexpandtheirknowledgeandenhancetheircapabilities.

2.Sincevariousdisciplinesarerelated,thestudyofcoursesoutsideastudent’sownfieldmay

benefitthestudyoftheirmajors.Asweknow,everysubjectdoesnotexistindependently.Theyrelatetoothersubjectstooneextendoranother.Forinstance,philosophyisthefoundationofallsubjects,whichprovidesafundamentalapproachtothinkingabouteveryproblem.Whateveryourmajoris,youcanbenefitfromlearningit.Mathisausefultoolforusinsolvingproblems.Ifyoumajoriseconomicsoraccounting,youwillfindthattheknowledgeofmathematicscanhelpyoualotinyourresearchoryourwork.Thereforewecanseethatstudentswithvariedknowledgewouldhaveagreatadvantageincompetingwiththosewhohaveonlylimitedscope.

3.Ifapersonwanttobeasuccessfulmaninthesociety,theknowledgejustfromhisorher

majorisnotsufficientatall.Heorsheshouldlearnlotsofthingsbecausethosethingsarereallyimportantfortheirfuturesuccess.

1)Science:logic,criticalthinking,commonsense2)Art:thecognitionofnatural

3)Philosophy:criticalthinkingandbetterunderstandingoftheworld4)Psychology:helptogrowmentallyhealthy

5)Sociology:theessenceofsocietyandhumanbeing.

4.Ofcourse,despitealloftheseadvantagesoflearningvariousdisciplines,themostimportant

disciplinesforastudentisstillthoselessonswhichisrelatedtohisorhermajor.Overemphasizingthevariousdisciplineswilladverselyinfluencethestudent"slearningofhisorhermajor.

Conclusion:Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.

教育政策：

Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.

在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國(guó)家課程。

1.Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledin

everyschoolbeforeuniversity.

1)Somecoursemustbelearnedbyallthestudents:mathematicsandnativelanguage2)Meanwhile,theearlysamenationalcurriculumspreventstudentsfromthelimitations,becausenoteveryplacehastheabilitytoprovideacomprehensiveandsystematiccurriculum.

3)Withouthavingcomprehensivestudy,thestudentmayjustchoosehisorhermainprofessionbasedonafewcourses,notevenincludingtheonewherehisorherrealinterestlies.

2.However,everyregionhasitsowntradition。

1)Thosedecisionmakersjustthinkaboutthegeneralsituation,withoutparticularity.

2)Somespecialcasesshouldbealsotakenintoconsiderationforthosewhohaveno

intentiontogotocollege.

3)Atpresent,nosocietycanguaranteeallstudentstheopportunitytogotocollege.Itis

quitenecessarytoprovidevarioustechnicalskillstostudentswhoarenotexpectingahighereducation.

4)Thedifferenceofenvironment:ruralareasandmetropolises.Thedifferenceoffacilities

amongdifferentschools.Thedifferenceamongstudents

3.Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyet

leavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.

1)Fromthestudent"sperspective:masterarequiredcourse;avoiddiversity.

2)Fromtheschool"sperspective:thefairnessofentranceexamination;providea

predictablefoundationuponwhichcollegeadministratorsandfacultycouldmoreeasilybuildcurricularandselectcoursematerialsforfreshmenthatareneitherbelownorabovetheirlevelofeducationalexperience.

3)Thinkingofthepossibledifferences:complement;minority;artstudents;keeplocal

culture;businesscoursessuitableforchildrenliveinmetropolitan,unsuitableforthoseliveinhinterland;courseonfarminglocalculture,language,tradition,artslearnliterature,worksrelatedwithlocallifeeasiertounderstand,topreservelocalcultureandlanguage.

國(guó)家政治：

Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbythegeneralwelfareofitspeople.

一個(gè)國(guó)家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國(guó)民的安樂上，而不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。

1.Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.The

welfareofthepeople,includingthelivingcondition,socialsecuritysystemandcharityofdevelopedcountryisoftenfarbetterthanthoseofdevelopingcountries.

2.Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequal

important,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.

1)Aswhatismentionedabove,whenwespeakof“promotingthegeneralwelfare”,we

refertothefollowingindex:publichealthandsafety,securityagainstinvasion,individuallibertyandfreedomaswellasahighstandardofliving,whileallofthesearebroughtaboutbyitsrulers,artistsandscientist.

2)Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsserveinthefirstplacetoenhanceanation’s

generalwelfare.(Advanceinmedicaltreatment,transportation,communication,etc.)3)Artisticachievementscouldnotbeneglected,though.Theyhelptomakeanationa

betterplacetoreside.(Provideinspiration,lifepeople’sspiritandbringaboutcreativityandimagination,allofwhichspurustomakemoreaccomplishments.)

4)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitary

anddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoredinthegeneralwelfareofanation.(TheWarofIndependence)

個(gè)人發(fā)展：

Claim:Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.

Reason:Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.

結(jié)論：相比意見不同的人來說，通常，我們從意見相同的人那里學(xué)的更多。原因：意見不統(tǒng)一會(huì)導(dǎo)致壓力，阻礙學(xué)習(xí)。Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.

1.Admittedly,discussingwiththosewhoseviewsweshareisefficientwithanaccordant

atmosphere.

1)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwith

theminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.

2)Peoplefromdifferentregionsmayevencontradictoryonsomequestions,suchas

whethertoeatpork.Inthatcase,it"simpossibletocommunicatebetweenthetwosides.

2.However,itiscommonthatwelearnmorefromthoseholddifferentviewsagainstours.

1)Differenceinopinion,perhapsduetoconsiderationinotherdirection,mayremindus

whatwehaveneglected.

2)Thetwopartieswithdifferentknowledgeareabletocomplementeachother.

3.Besides,peopleholdingthesameviewsoftenhavethesamewayofthinking.It"shardto

progressforthemtodiscusstogether.

社會(huì)政治：

Claim:Inanyfieldbusiness,politics,education,governmentthoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.

Reason:Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership.結(jié)論：如商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府，在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。

原因：對(duì)于任何機(jī)構(gòu)，最可靠的成功途徑是通過新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層帶來革新最可靠的成功途徑是通過新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層帶來革新。Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatlimitingthetermofoffice/tenureisaneffectivewaytopreventcorruptionandthelackofinitiatives,however,Idisagreewithboththetwoclaims.

1.Tobeginwith,inmanyareas,especiallyinpoliticsandgovernment,itmightbebetterthat

thosewhoinpowerdon’tholdthesamepositionallthetimeandshouldstepdownregularly.1)Itisknownthatabsolutepowerwillleadtoabsolutecorruption.

2)Andleaderstendtoabusetheirpowerwhentheyhavenofearoflosingtheirpower.Inordertoavoidcorruption,autarchy,thoseinpowershouldstepdownregularly.

3)Inaddition,suchsystemmightactivateyoungmantoworkhardsincetheyseethechoiceandhopetobealeader.Andanewleadershipusuallyhasgreaterinitiativemotivationandwouldbringaboutnewideas.Andthisnewemergedleadersbringnewwaysofleadingandmanaging,andtheyaremorelikelytokeeppacewiththechangingtimesaswell.

2.Ontheotherhand,frequentlychangingtheleaderalsobringsoutsomeproblems.

1)Theleadertendstoonlyfocusonhisachievementinhistimeinthepositionbut

regardlessthesubsequentleader.

2)Besides,notallthoseinpowerofallprofessionsshouldstepdownafterfiveyears.

Thoseinpowerusuallyhaveabundantexperience.

3)Furthermore,newleadershipcannotensuretobethesurestpathtosuccessforany

enterprise.Newleadersoftenlackthenecessaryskillandexperiencetocopewithexigentproblems;therefore,theyneedaperiodoftimeforadaptation.

歷史研究：

Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.

研究歷史的最大益處在于打破這樣的幻想：現(xiàn)代人和歷史上的人有很大不同。Thisstatementactuallyinsistsoftwoclaims.First,peopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistoryisanillusion.Second,theprimaryofthestudyofhistoryistobreakdownthisillusion.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatpeopleliveindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorysharesomecommonground,however,Idisagreewithbothofthetwoclaims.

1.Admittedly,fromthehumanhistory,weknowthatthebasicnatureofhumanbeinghasnot

changedever:goodandevil.

1)Peopleineveryperiodoftimearethirstyforfreedom,equality,democracyandthelike.

Peoplemaintainthemeritsofintelligence,diligence,creativityandsoon.

2)However,wealsosharethedemeritsofprejudice,envyandgreed.Innovationpromotes

developmentwhilegreedleadstowars.Humanracekeepprogressingofthecivilizationinthisway.

2.Ontheotherhand,thestudyofhistoryisequallybeneficialtounderstandandappreciate

significantdifferencesbetweenpeoplesofdifferenttimeperiods.

1)Intermsofculturalmorals,customs,values,andideals.TakeChinesefeudalsocietyas

anexample,duringthattime,allpowerswereinthehandsoftheemperoralone,whowasassistedbyagroupofministersledbytheprimeminister.Localgovernorswereappointedbythecentralgovernment.Thecommonpeoplehadnodemocraticrightsatall.

3.Besides,historyhasmanyotherfunctions,whichmightbemoresignificantthantobreak

downtheillusionthatpeopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistory.

1)Forexample,studyingoftheachievementofthepastcangiveusinspiration.Studying

themistakesandfailuresofthepastcanpreventusfromrepeatingthosemistakesandfailuresagain.

科學(xué)與政府：

Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.政府應(yīng)該盡量不去限制科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展。

1.Generallyspeaking,governmentshouldplacefewrestrictionsonscientificresearchand

development.

1)Littlerelativeknowledge.

2)Wouldbeinclinedtobeinsupportwhattheyregardworthwhileandwouldbenefitthe

peopleimmediately.

2.Freeresearchcanincreaseinventionandprogresseasily,thustoomuchrestrictionsmight

encumberthedevelopmentofscience.

1)Wecanseelotsofexamplesinthehistorywhichcanshowthattoomuchrestriction

wouldbedetrimentaltothedevelopmentofscientificresearch.

2)Atellingexampleoftheinherentdangerofofficialrestrictionofthescientificresearch

involvestheattemptsofSovietduring1920s’tonotonlycontrolthedirectionsandgoalsofresearchesbuttheoutcomeandresultsoftheresearchaswellforthepurposeofthegeneralwelfareofthepeople.Somescientistsevendisappearedlaterbecauseoftheirthreatstothesafetyandstabilityofthenation.Notsurprisingly,duringthisperiodoftime,nosignificantdiscoveryorinventionoccurred.

3.However,providingabsolutefreedommightcauseotherproblemsofequalgraveness.

1)Someimmoralresearchesoronesareinthreatsofthepeace,safetyandstabilityofthe

society.

2)Scientificresearchanddevelopmentisadouble-edgedswordthatcanbeusedequally

forgoodorevil.Ifnotproperlycontrolled,itwillbringdisasterstous.SuchashumanCloning,biochemistryweapon,thenuclearbomb.

Conclusion:Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.

教育方法：

Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。Thestatementoverlookscircumstancesunderwhichpraisemightbeinappropriate,aswellasignoringthebeneficialvalueofconstructivecriticism,andsometimesevenpunishment.

1.Therecommendationthatparents,teachersandemployerspraisepositiveactionsisgenerally

goodadvice.

2.Whilerecommendingpraiseforpositiveactionsisfundamentallysoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.

3.Asforignoringnegativeactions,Iagreethatminorpeccadilloescan,andinmanycases

should,beoverlooked.

4.Atthesametime,somemeasureofconstructivecriticismandcritique,andsometimeseven

punishment,isappropriate.

社會(huì)傳媒：

Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.

Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.

結(jié)論：當(dāng)今任何社會(huì)已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。原因：任何人遭受媒體的監(jiān)察，必定會(huì)聲名掃地。Technologyhasalsomadeiteasiertodigfurtherthaneverbeforeintoaperson’spast,increasingthepossibilitythatthesubject’sreputationmaybeharmed.

1.Withoutadoubt,therearemanyexamplesofindividualswhosereputationhavebeen

diminishedbymediascrutiny.

1)Fameandfortuneturnanordinaryindividualintoamediatargetwherereporterswill

stopatalmostnothingto“digupdirt”thatwillsellmorenewspapersorenticemoreviewerstowatchatelevisionprogram.Evenifwhentheyfail,theymightproducesomescandalstocaterthepublicinterests.

2.Eventhoughmediascrutinyincreasesthepossibilitythatthereputationofaherowillbe

harmed,ithelpshavedeepinsightintoourheroesandweshouldrememberthatnoindividualisperfect.

1)Inthisway,wecangetclosetorealheroesandencouragemoretostruggletoservethe

society.

2)Mediaviewers,readersandlistenersfindinformationaboutthemisfortunesand

misdeedsofothers,especiallyheroicpublicfiguresowingtomassmediagenerallyconsistofprofitseekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofits.

3)Withthehelpofintensivemediacoverage,wecanexamineheroescarefully.Newson

internetofferopportunitiestocultivatecriticalthinkingskillsandobjectivitytomakecorrectjudgmentbeyondwhatthemediafeedsthem.

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